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French Guiana

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French Guiana (French: Guyane française, IPA: [ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz]; officially just Guyane) is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department (French: département d'outre-mer, or DOM) located on the northern Atlantic coast of South America. It has borders with two nations, Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west. Its 83,534 km² have a very low population density of less than three inhabitants per km², with almost half of its 229,000 people in 2009 living in the urban area of Cayenne, its capital. French Guiana's currency is the euro.

The addition of the adjective "French" in English comes from colonial times when three such colonies existed, namely from west to east: British Guiana (now Guyana), Dutch Guiana (now Suriname) and French Guiana. The three are still often collectively referred to as the Guianas.

History

French Guiana was originally inhabited by a number of indigenous American people. It was settled by the French during the 17th century. After the Treaty of Paris in 1763, Louis XV sent 12,000 settlers to French Guiana to colonise the region. One and a half years later only a few hundred survived. Its infamous Île du Diable (Devil's Island) was the site of penal settlements from 1852 until 1951. More than 70,000 French convicts were deported to French Guiana between 1852 and 1939.

In 1809 a Portuguese-British naval squadron took French Guiana for the Portuguese Empire. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1814 the region was handed back to the French, though a Portuguese presence remained until 1817.

A border dispute with Brazil arose in the late 19th century over a vast area of jungle, leading to the short-lived pro-French independent state of Counani in the disputed territory and some fighting between settlers, before the dispute was resolved largely in favour of Brazil by the arbitration of the Swiss government.

In 1946, French Guiana became an overseas department of France. The 1970s saw the settlement of Hmong refugees from Laos. A movement for increased autonomy from France gained some momentum in the 1970s and 1980s, but has since abated.

Geography

Forested landscape of Remire-Montjoly.

Though sharing cultural affinities with the French-speaking territories of the Caribbean,^[expand] French Guiana is not considered to be part of that geographic region, because the Caribbean Sea is actually located several hundred kilometres to the west, beyond the arc of the Lesser Antilles.

Geographic map of French Guiana

French Guiana consists of two main geographical regions: a coastal strip where the majority of the people live, and dense, near-inaccessible rainforest which gradually rises to the modest peaks of the Tumac-Humac mountains along the Brazilian frontier. French Guiana's highest peak is Bellevue de l'Inini (851 m). Other mountains include Mont Machalou (782 m), Pic Coudreau (711 m) and Mont St Marcel (635 m), Mont Favard (200 m) and Montagne du Mahury (156 m). Several small islands are found off the coast, the three Iles du Salut Salvation Islands which includes Devil's Island and the isolated Iles du Connétable bird sanctuary further along the coast towards Brazil.

The Barrage de Petit-Saut hydroelectric dam in the north of French Guiana forms an artificial lake and provides hydroelectricity. There are many rivers in French Guiana.

As of 2007, the Amazonian forest located in the most remote part of the department is now protected through one of the nine national parks of France, the Guiana Amazonian Park. The territory of the park covers some 33,900 square kilometres (13,090 sq mi) upon the communes of Camopi, Maripasoula, Papaïchton, Saint-Élie and Saül.

Administrative divisions

French Guiana is divided into 2 arrondissements, 19 cantons (not shown here), and 22 communes:

Climate

Environment, wildlife, flora, forest

This article is a rough translation from French. It may have been generated by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency. Please help to enhance the translation. If you have just labeled this page as needing such attention, please add {{subst:Duflu | pg= French Guiana | Language = French | Comments = }} ~~~~ to the bottom of the WP:PNTCU section on Wikipedia:Pages needing translation into English. The original article is under "French" in the "languages" sidebar.

Liana on a palm branch near a lake in Kourou

The Agami trumpet, a species of bird found quite often in the Guyanese wildlife

This region is among the richest in the world in terms of biodiversity as animal e that Plant.

The Guyanese forest is a primary forest at the highest level of biodiversity (hot spotamong the richest in the world), protected by a new park National and six nature reserves. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the European Union (EU) to recommend special efforts to protect .

Following the Grenelle Environment of 2007 the proposed Law Grenelle II (in Article 49) has proposed (in 2009, and subject to change) the creation of a single entity responsible for Guyana to contribute to the implementation of political knowledge and conservation of natural heritage Amazon (with expertise in the fields of wildlife, flora, natural habitats and semi-natural land, coastal and river, and on the functioning of ecosystems). It will help to implement environmental policies conducted by the State and local authorities and their groupings. Art 64 of the bill also provides a "departmental planorientationmining" for Guyana, promoting miningcompatible with the requirements of environmental protection.

The environment of the coastal strip is the one along the N1, has historically experienced the most changes, but a strong artificial is locally observed along the RN2 and where gold miners operating in western Guyana .

The rainforest of Guyana has paradoxically flourished on the land the poorest of the world, nitrogen in potassium in P and organic. For this reason, and because this region has always maintained shelters for all species during dry periods of glaciation land, this forest is home to ecosystem s that are unique among the richest and most fragile of the world : ancient primary rainforests, Mangrove s, Savannah s, inselbergs s and many types of wetlands.

L acidity soil is also behind this poor soils of Guyana. It requires farmers to lime fields, and led to the traditional mode of agriculture on burn The ashes are involved in the elevation of Potential Hydrogen (pH) in Besides the contribution of minerals.

It may be noted that sites of Terra preta (soils anthropogenic s) have been discovered on the territory, particularly near the border with Brazil. Research is actively pursued by actors from multiple disciplines to determine how to create these richer soils of the planet. The hypothesis was advanced that the very existence of the rainforest is due to these human interventions intelligent of the past (see the article Terra preta), where the burn ( slash-and-burn ) was replaced by coal ( slash-and-chariot ).

5,500 plant species have been recorded, including more than a thousand trees, 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% of which are Endemic (the fish "slime" and fish scales) and 109 species of amphibians. The micro-organisms would be much more numerous, especially in the north, which competes with the Brazilian Amazon, Borneo and Sumatra. The only French department has at least 98% of vertebrate fauna and 96% of vascular plants of France.

The threats to the ecosystem are fragmentation by the roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of South America, impacts of immediate and deferred Dam Small-jump of EDF of gold mining (Operation Anaconda in Guyana), a chaotic chase and Poaching facilitated by the creation of many tracks and the appearance of ATV. Logging remains moderate because of the lack of roads, on both the difficulty of climate and terrain. An ordinance of 28 July 2005 extended the Forest Code at French Guiana, but with important exceptions and modifications. In an approach that will sustainable, concessions or free transfers may be granted by local authorities or other entities for use by persons traditionally deriving their livelihood from the forest, but the means no longer always used traditional means, and the ecosystem Guyanese being vulnerable, the impacts of logging or hunting may be important.

Half of biodiversity is French Guyana: 29% of plants, 55% higher vertebrates (mammals, birds, fish ...) and up to 92% of insects. All this in a single department of Template:Unit. A national park and six nature reserves are working to preserve habitats and species as diverse single DateTime.

The beaches of the natural reserve of the Amana, the joint Awala-Yalimapo in the west, is a marine turtle nesting site exceptional. This is one of the largest worldwide for the leatherback turtle.

Economy

Ariane launched from the Guiana Space Centre near Kourou, on 10 August 1992.

In 2008 the GDP of French Guiana at market exchange rates was US$4.72 billion (€3.21 billion), ranking as the largest economy in the Guianas, and the 11th largest in South America.

French Guiana is heavily dependent on mainland France for subsidies, trade, and goods. The main industries are fishing (accounting for three-quarters of foreign exports), gold mining and timber. In addition, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou accounts for 25% of the GDP and employs about 1,700 people.

There is very little manufacturing. Agriculture is largely undeveloped and is mainly confined to the area near the coast — sugar and bananas are two of the main cash crops grown. Tourism, especially eco-tourism, is growing. Unemployment is a major problem, running at about 20% to 30%.

In 2008 the GDP per capita of French Guiana at market exchange rates, not at PPP, was US$20,904 (€14,204), the highest in South America, but only 47% of Metropolitan France's average GDP per capita that year.

Demographics

French Guiana's population of 229,000 (January 2009 est.), most of whom live along the coast, is very ethnically diverse. At the 1999 census, 54.4% of the inhabitants of French Guiana were born in French Guiana, 11.8% were born in Metropolitan France, 5.2% were born in the French Caribbean départements (Guadeloupe and Martinique), and 28.6% were born in foreign countries (primarily Brazil, Suriname, and Haiti).

Estimates of the percentages of French Guiana ethnic composition vary, a situation compounded by the large proportion of immigrants (about 20,000, nearly 10%).

Creoles (people of mixed African and French ancestry) are the largest ethnic group, though estimates vary as to the exact percentage, depending upon whether the large Haitian community is included as well. Generally the Creole population is judged to be about 60% to 70% of the total population if Haitians (comprising roughly one-third of Creoles) are included, and 30% to 50% without.

Roughly 14% of the population is of European ancestry. The vast majority of these are of French heritage, though there are also people of Dutch, British, Spanish and Portuguese ancestry .

The main Asian communities are the Chinese (3.2%, primarily from Hong Kong and Zhejiang province) and Hmong from Laos (1.5%). There are also smaller groups from various Caribbean islands, mainly Saint Lucia as well as Dominica. Other Asian groups include East Indians, Lebanese and Vietnamese.

The main groups living in the interior are the Maroons (formerly called "Bush Negroes") who are racially black African, and Amerindians. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, live primarily along the Maroni River. The main Maroon groups are the Saramaca, Aucan (both of whom also live in Suriname), and Boni (Aluku).

The main Amerindian groups (forming about 3%-4% of the population) are the Arawak, Carib, Emerillon, Galibi (now called the Kaliña), Palikour, Wayampi and Wayana. As of late 1990s there was evidence of an uncontacted group of Wayampi.

The dominant religion of French Guiana is Roman Catholicism; the Maroons and some Amerindian people maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also mainly Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana.

Fertility

The total fertility rate in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than in Metropolitan France, and also higher than the average of the four French overseas departments. It is largely responsible for the high population growth of French Guiana.

Languages

The official language of French Guiana is French, but a number of other local languages exist. Regional languages include French Guiana creole, six Amerindian languages (Arawak, Palikur, Kali'na, Wayana, Wayampi, Emerillon), four Maroon dialects (Saramaka, Paramaccan, Boni, Djuka), as well as Hmong Njua. Other languages spoken include Portuguese, Hakka, Haitian Creole, Spanish, Dutch and English.

Politics

French Guiana, as part of France, is part of the European Union, the largest landmass for an area outside of Europe (since Greenland left the European Community in 1985), with one of the longest EU external boundaries. Along with the Spanish enclaves in Africa of Ceuta and Melilla, it is one of only three European Union territories outside Europe that is not an island. As an integral part of France, its head of state is the President of the French Republic, and its head of Government is the Prime Minister of France. The French Government and its agencies have responsibility for a wide range of issues that are reserved to the National Executive, such as defense and external relations.

The President of France appoints a Prefect (resident at the Prefecture building in Cayenne) as his representative to head the local government of French Guiana. There are two legislative bodies: the 19-member General Council and the 34-member Regional Council, both elected.

French Guiana sends two deputies to the French National Assembly, one representing the commune (municipality) of Cayenne and the commune of Macouria, and the other representing the rest of French Guiana. This latter constituency is the largest in the French Republic by land area. French Guiana also sends one senator to the French Senate.

French Guiana has traditionally been conservative, though the Socialist Party has been increasingly successful in recent years.

A chronic issue affecting French Guiana is the influx of illegal immigrants and clandestine gold prospectors from Brazil and Suriname. The border between the department and Suriname is formed by the Maroni River, which flows through rain forest and is difficult for the Gendarmerie and the French Foreign Legion to patrol. There have been several phases launched by the French government to combat illegal gold mining in French Guiana, beginning with Operation Anaconda beginning in 2003, followed by Operation Harpie in 2008, 2009 and Operation Harpie Reinforce in 2010. Colonel François Müller, the commander of French Guiana's gendarme believes these operations have been successful. However, after each operation ends, Brazilian miners, Garimpeiros, return. Soon after Operation Harpie Reinforce began, an altercation took place between French authorities and Brazilian miners. On March 12, 2010 a team of French soldiers and border police were attacked while returning from a successful operation, during which "the soldiers had arrested 15 miners, confiscated three boats, and seized 617 grams of gold... currently worth about $22,317." Garimpeiros returned to retrieve the lost loot and colleagues. "The soldiers fired warning shots and rubber "flash balls" but the miners managed to retake one of their boats and about 500 grams of gold. “The violent reaction by the garimpeiros can be explained by the exceptional take of 617 grams of gold, about 20 percent of the quantity seized in 2009 during the battle against illegal mining,” said Phillipe Duporge , the director of French Guiana’s border police, at a press conference the next day."

Transport

Cayenne

French Guiana's main international airport is Cayenne-Rochambeau Airport, located in the commune of Matoury, a southern suburb of Cayenne. There are three flights a day to Paris (Orly Airport), served by Air France, Air Caraïbes and CorsairFly. The flight time from Cayenne to Paris is 8 hours and 25 minutes, and from Paris to Cayenne it is 9 hours and 10 minutes. There are also flights to Fort-de-France, Pointe-à-Pitre, Port-au-Prince, Miami and Belém.

French Guiana's main seaport is the port of Dégrad des Cannes, located on the estuary of the Mahury River, in the commune of Remire-Montjoly, a south-eastern suburb of Cayenne. Almost all of French Guiana's imports and exports pass through the port of Dégrad des Cannes. Built in 1969, it replaced the old harbour of Cayenne which was congested and couldn't cope with modern traffic.

An asphalted road from Régina to Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock (a town by the Brazilian border) was opened in 2004, completing the road from Cayenne to the Brazilian border. It is now possible to drive on a fully paved road from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni on the Surinamese border to Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock on the Brazilian border.

Following an international treaty between France and Brazil signed in July 2005, the Oyapock River Bridge over the Oyapock River (marking the border with Brazil) is currently being built and is due to open in 2010. This bridge will be the first land crossing ever opened between France and Brazil, and indeed between French Guiana and the rest of the world (there exists no other bridge crossing the Oyapock River, and no bridge crossing the Maroni River marking the border with Suriname - there is a ferry crossing to Albina, Suriname.). When the bridge is opened, it will be possible to drive uninterrupted from Cayenne to Macapá, the capital of the state of Amapá in Brazil.

Main Settlements (2007)

• Cayenne 58369
• Saint-Laurent du Maroni 34336
• Kourou 25918
• Matoury 25191
• Remire-Montjoly 18947
• Mana 8322
• Macouria 8386
• Apatou 6360
• Maripasoula 5584
• Saint-Georges 3692
• Grand-Santi 3430
• Sinnamary 3137

Notable natives and residents

• Tariq Abdul-Wahad, French professional basketball player
• Léon Bertrand, French politician
• Henri Charrière, escaped French convict, imprisoned in and around French Guiana from 1933 to 1941
• Léon Damas, Francophone poet widely notated for his influence on the literary movement known as la négritude
• Jean-Claude Darcheville, football striker who joined Rangers from FC Girondins de Bordeaux in the summer of 2007
• Alfred Dreyfus, French military officer unjustly imprisoned in French Guiana for espionage
• Félix Éboué, black French Guianan born colonial administrator
• Marc-Antoine Fortuné, football striker who plays for Celtic in Glasgow, Scotland
• Antoine Karam, Senator for French Guiana in the French Sénat
• Bernard Lama, former French international football player
• Florent Malouda, French international football player who plays for Chelsea Football Club
• Malia Metella, French swimmer, SC European Championships 2004: 1st 100m free
• Gaston Monnerville, French politician and lawyer
• Georges Patient, French politician
• Cyrille Regis, former West Bromwich Albion and England player
• Hector Riviérez, French politician
• Henri Salvador, famous singer, one of the inspiration sources for the Bossa nova movement
• Christiane Taubira, politician of Parti Radical de Gauche (France)

Armed Forces in Guyana

This article is a rough translation from French. It may have been generated by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency. Please help to enhance the translation. If you have just labeled this page as needing such attention, please add {{subst:Duflu | pg= French Guiana | Language = French | Comments = }} ~~~~ to the bottom of the WP:PNTCU section on Wikipedia:Pages needing translation into English. The original article is under "French" in the "languages" sidebar.

Since July 2009, the commander of the armed forces in Guyana is the General Jean-Pierre Hestin. There are ((number | 1900 | military)) and it is expected to increase enrollment by 2014-2015 .

• 3 ((e)) Foreign Infantry Regiment (3 ((e)) REI) of Kourou (Legion)
• 9 ((e)) regiment of marines (9 ((e)) RIMa) of Cayenne, the Madeleine.
• The police divided into departmental Cops, divided into 16 brigades in the department (to Kitty and the road located at the Madeleine Cayenne). Other brigades Remire-Montjoly, Cocoa Regina, Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock Camopi Macouria Kourou Sinnamary Iracoubo Mana Saint Laurent du Maroni Apatou Grand-Santi Papaïchton and Maripasoula) and mobile policemen stay three months. In September 2009, the gendarmerie Kitten moved to Matoury.
• The RSMAGy Regiment Adapted Military Service of Guyana located in Saint-Jean-du-Maroni, with a detachment in Cayenne.

There are also other detachments corps:

• The platoon of the Air Force based in air base 367 Rochambeau airport. She is awaiting delivery of aircraft .
• The platoon of the Navy based at the naval base of Degrad-des-Cannes
• A detachment of the Brigade firefighters Paris in Kourou, ensuring the protection of persons and property of the CSG

See also

	France portal
	Geography portal

• Index of French Guiana-related articles
• List of colonial and departmental heads of French Guiana

Notes

References

• France's Overseas Frontier : Départements et territoires d'outre-mer Robert Aldrich and John Connell. Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-03036-6
• Dry guillotine: Fifteen years among the living dead René Belbenoit, 1938, Reprint: Berkley (1975). ISBN 0-425-02950-6
• Hell on Trial René Belbenoit, 1940, Translated from the Original French Manuscript by Preston Rambo. E. P Dutton & Co. Reprint by Blue Ribbon Books, New York, 194 p. Reprint: Bantam Books, 1971
• Papillon Henri Charrière Reprints: Hart-Davis Macgibbon Ltd. 1970. ISBN 0-246-63987-3 (hbk); Perennial, 2001. ISBN 0-06-093479-4 (sbk)
• Space in the Tropics: From Convicts to Rockets in French Guiana Peter Redfield. ISBN 0-520-21985-6

External links

Find more about French Guiana on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions from Wiktionary
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	Images and media from Commons
	News stories from Wikinews
	Learning resources from Wikiversity

• Conseil régional de Guyane Official website (French)
• Préfecture de Guyane Official website (French)
• French Guiana at the Open Directory Project
• Wikimedia Atlas of French Guiana
• French Guiana travel guide from Wikitravel
• Consular Information Sheet from the United States Department of State
• Ethnologue French Guiana page
• Silvolab Guyanae - scientific interest group in French Guiana
• Article on separatism in French Guiana
• About.com French Guiana travel site
• Status of Forests in French Guiana
• Officials reports, thesis, scientific papers about French Guiana (en|fr)
• Training legionnaires to fight in French Guiana
• The IRD's database AUBLET2 stores information about botanical specimens collected in the Guianas, mainly in French Guiana

Coordinates: 4°N 53°W / 4°N 53°W / 4; -53

v • d • e Overseas departments and territories of France   Inhabited areas Overseas departments1 French Guiana · Guadeloupe · Martinique · Réunion Overseas collectivities French Polynesia · Mayotte2, 3 · St. Barthélemy · St. Martin · St. Pierre and Miquelon · Wallis and Futuna Special status New Caledonia   Uninhabited areas Pacific Ocean Clipperton Island French Southern and Antarctic Lands Île Amsterdam · Île Saint-Paul · Crozet Islands · Kerguelen Islands · Adélie Land Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean Banc du Geyser4 · Bassas da India4 · Europa Island4 · Glorioso Islands3, 4, 5 · Juan de Nova Island4 · Tromelin Island5, 6 1 Also known as overseas regions.  2 Overseas department by 2011  3 Claimed by Comoros.  4 Claimed by Madagascar.  5 Claimed by Seychelles.  6 Claimed by Mauritius.

v • d • e Countries of South America Countries and territories also in or commonly reckoned to be elsewhere in the Americas shown in italics Sovereign states Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Uruguay · Venezuela Overseas department French Guiana (France) Dependencies Falkland Islands / South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (UK) · Aruba / Netherlands Antilles (Netherlands)

v • d • e Outermost regions of European Union states Portugal Azores • Madeira Spain Canary Islands France French Guiana • Guadeloupe • Martinique • Réunion • Saint Barthélemy • Saint-Martin

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